Connections with Multiple Congested Gateways in Packet-Switched Networks Part 1: One-way Traffic

In this paper we explore the bias in TCP/IP networks against connections with multiple congested gateways. We consider the interaction between the bias against connections with multiple congested gateways, the bias of the TCP window modification algorithm against connections with longer roundtrip times, and the bias of Drop Tail and Random Drop gateways against bursty traffic. Using simulations and a heuristic analysis, we show that in a network with the window modification algorithm in 4.3 Tahoe BSD TCP and with Random Drop or Drop Tail gateways, a longer connection with multiple congested gateways can receive unacceptably low throughput. We show that in a network with no bias against connections with longer roundtrip times and with no bias against bursty traffic, a connection with multiple congested gateways can receive an acceptable level of throughput. We discuss the application of several current measures of fairness to networks with multiple congested gateways, and show that different measures of fairness have quite different implications. One view is that each connection should receive the same throughput in bytes/second, regardless of roundtrip times or numbers of congested gateways. Another view is that each connection should receive the same share of the network's scarce congested resources. In general, we believe that the fairness criteria for connections with multiple congested gateways requires further consideration.

Computer Communication Review, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 30-47

Networking and Security